Electric Rotor

Rotor

Definition

The rotor is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric motor, electric generator, or alternator. Its rotation is due to the interaction between the windings and magnetic fields which produces a torque around the rotor's axis.

Types of rotor

Induction (asynchronous) motors, generators and alternators (synchronous) have an electromagnetic system consisting of a stator and rotor. There are two designs for the rotor in an induction motor: squirrel cage and wound. In generators and alternators, the rotor designs are salient pole or cylindrical.Induction (asynchronous) motors, generators and alternators (synchronous) have an electromagnetic system consisting of a stator and rotor. There are two designs for the rotor in an induction motor: squirrel cage and wound. In generators and alternators, the rotor designs are salient pole or cylindrical.

Squirrel-cage rotor

The squirrel-cage rotor consists of laminated steel in the core with evenly spaced bars of copper or aluminum placed axially around the periphery, permanently shorted at the ends by the end ring This simple and rugged construction makes it the favorite for most applications. The assembly has a twist: the bars are slanted, or skewed, to reduce magnetic hum and slot harmonics and to reduce the tendency of locking. Housed in the stator, the rotor and stator teeth can lock when they are in equal number and the magnets position themselves equally apart, opposing rotation in both directions.Bearings at each end mount the rotor in its housing, with one end of the shaft protruding to allow the attachment of the load. In some motors, there is an extension at the non-driving end for speed sensors or other electronic controls. The generated torque forces motion through the rotor to the load.

Wound rotor

The rotor is a cylindrical core made of steel lamination with slots to hold the wires for its 3-phase windings which are evenly spaced at 120 electrical degrees apart and connected in a 'Y' configuration.The rotor winding terminals are brought out and attached to the three slips rings with brushes, on the shaft of the rotor.Brushes on the slip rings allow for external three-phase resistors to be connected in series to the rotor windings for providing speed control.The external resistances become a part of the rotor circuit to produce a large torque when starting the motor. As the motor speeds up, the resistances can be reduced to zero.

Salient pole rotor

The rotor is a large magnet with poles constructed of steel lamination projecting out of the rotor’s core.The poles are supplied by direct current or magnetized by permanent magnets.The armature with a three-phase winding is attached to three slip rings with brushes riding on them and mounted on the shaft. The field winding is wound on the rotor which produces the magnetic field and the armature winding is on the stator where voltage is induced. Direct current (DC), from an external exciter or from a diode bridge mounted on the rotor shaft, produces a magnetic field and energizes the rotating field windings and alternating current energizes the armature windings simultaneously.

Cylindrical rotor

The cylindrical shaped rotor is made of a solid steel shaft with slots running along the outside length of the cylinder for holding the field windings of the rotor which are laminated copper bars inserted into the slots and is secured by wedges. The slots are insulated from the windings and are held at the end of the rotor by slip rings. An external direct current (DC) source is connected to the concentrically mounted slip rings with brushes running along the rings. The brushes make electrical contact with the rotating slip rings. DC current is also supplied through brushless excitation from a rectifier mounted on the machine shaft that converts alternating current to direct current.

Working principle

In a three-phase induction machine, alternating current supplied to the stator windings energizes it to create a rotating magnetic flux. The flux generates a magnetic field in the air gap between the stator and the rotor and induces a voltage which produces current through the rotor bars. The rotor circuit is shorted and current flows in the rotor conductors.The action of the rotating flux and the current produces a force that generates a torque to start the motor.

An alternator rotor is made up of a wire coil enveloped around an iron core.The magnetic component of the rotor is made from steel laminations to aid stamping conductor slots to specific shapes and sizes. As currents travel through the wire coil a magnetic field is created around the core, which is referred to as field current. The field current strength controls the power level of the magnetic field. Direct current (DC) drives the field current in one direction, and is delivered to the wire coil by a set of brushes and slip rings. Like any magnet, the magnetic field produced has a north and a south pole. The normal clockwise direction of the motor that the rotor is powering can be manipulated by using the magnets and magnetic fields installed in the design of the rotor, allowing the motor to run in reverse or counterclockwise.

Characteristics

• Squirrel cage rotor

This rotor rotates at a speed less than the stator rotating magnetic field or synchronous speed.

Rotor slip provides necessary induction of rotor currents for motor torque, which is in proportion to slip.

When rotor speed increases, the slip decreases.

Increasing the slip increases induced motor current, which in turn increases rotor current, resulting in a higher torque for increase load demands.

• Wound rotor

This rotor operates at constant speed and has lower starting current

External resistance added to rotor circuit, increases starting torque

Motor running efficiency improves as external resistance is reduced when motor speed up.

Higher torque and speed control

• Salient pole rotor

This rotor operates at a speed below 1500 rpm (revolutions per minute) and 40% of its rated torque without excitation

It has a large diameter and short axial length

Air gap is non uniform

Rotor has low mechanical strength

• Cylindrical rotor

The rotor operates at speed between 1500-3000 rpm

It has strong mechanical strength

Air gap is uniform

Its diameter is small and has a large axial length and requires a higher torque than salient pole rotor

Rotor bar voltage

The rotating magnetic field induces a voltage in the rotor bars as it passes over them. This equation applies to induced voltage in the rotor bars

${\displaystyle E=BL(V_{syn}-V_{m})}$

where:

${\displaystyle E}$= induced voltage

${\displaystyle B}$= magnetic field

${\displaystyle L}$=conductor length

${\displaystyle V_{syn}}$=synchronous speed

${\displaystyle V_{m}}$= conductor speed

Torque in rotor

A torque is produced by the force produced through the interactions of the magnetic field and current as expressed by the given: Ibid

${\displaystyle F=(BxI)L}$

${\displaystyle T=Fxr}$

where:

${\displaystyle F}$=force

${\displaystyle T}$=torque

${\displaystyle r}$=radius of rotor rings

${\displaystyle I}$=rotor bar

Induction motor slip

A stator magnetic field rotates at synchronous speed, ${\displaystyle n_{s}}$ Ibid

${\displaystyle n_{s}={\frac {120f}{p}}}$

where:

${\displaystyle f}$= frequency

${\displaystyle p}$= number of poles

If ${\displaystyle n_{m}}$= rotor speed, the slip, S for an induction motor is expressed as:

${\displaystyle s={\frac {n_{s}-n_{m}}{n_{s}}}\times 100\%}$

mechanical speed of rotor, in terms of slip and synchronous speed:

${\displaystyle n_{m}=(1-s)n_{s}}$

${\displaystyle \omega _{m}=(1-s)\omega _{s}}$

Relative speed of slip:

${\displaystyle n_{slip}=n_{s}-n_{m}}$

Frequency of induced voltages and currents

${\displaystyle f_{r}=sf_{e}}$

what is slip?

An AC (Alternating Current) induction motor consists of a stator and a rotor and the interaction of the currents flowing in the rotor bars and the rotating magnetic field in the stator generates the torque that turns the motor. In normal operation with a load the rotor speed always lags the magnetic field's speed allowing the rotor bars to cut magnetic lines of force and produce a useful torque.

The difference between the synchronous speed of the magnetic field, and the shaft rotating speed is slip - measured in RPM or frequency.

Slip increase with increasing load - providing greate0r torque.

It is common to express the slip as the ratio between the shaft rotation speed and the synchronous magnetic field speed. 

S = (n_s - n_a) 100% / n_s         (1)

where

S = slip

n_s = synchronous speed of magnetic field (rev/min, rpm)

n_a = shaft rotating speed (rev/min, rpm)

When the rotor is not turning the slip is 100 %.

Full-load slip varies from less than 1 % in high hp motors to more than 5-6 % in minor hp motors.

Motor Size (hp)	0.5	5	15	50	250
Typical Slip (%)	5	3	2.5	1.7	0.8

Number of poles, frequencies and synchronous induction motor speed

No. of magnetic poles	Frequency (Hz)
	50	60
2	3000	3600
4	1500	1800
6	1000	1200
8	750	900
10	600	720
12	500	600
16	375	450
20	300	360