Commutator

Commutator

 commutator is a rotary electrical switch in certain types of electric motors and electrical generators that periodically reverses the current direction between the rotor and the external circuit. It consists of a cylinder composed of multiple metal contact segments on the rotating armature of the machine. Two or more electrical contacts called "brushes" made of a soft conductive material like carbo press against the commutator, making sliding contact with successive segments of the commutator as it rotates. The windings (coils of wire) on the armature are connected to the commutator segments.

Commutators are used in direct current (DC) machines: dynamos (DC generators) and many Dc motor as well as universal motor. In a motor the commutator applies electric current to the windings. By reversing the current direction in the rotating windings each half turn, a steady rotating force (torque) is produced. In a generator the commutator picks off the current generated in the windings, reversing the direction of the current with each half turn, serving as a mechanical rectifier to convert the alternating current from the windings to unidirectional direct current in the external load circuit. The first direct current commutator-type machine, the dynamo, was built by Hippolyte Pixii in 1832, based on a suggestion by André-Marie Ampère.

The operating principle of a DC motor is based on the interaction between the magnetic field of a rotating armature and the magnetic field of a fixed stator. As the north pole of the armature is attracted to the south pole of the stator (and vice-versa), a force is produced on the armature, causing it to turn. Commutation is the process of switching the field in the armature windings to produce constant torque in one direction, and the commutator is a device connected to the armature, which enables this switching of current.

The lever arm for the torque produced on the armature varies with the angle of the coil (cos α). Therefore, when the coil is perpendicular (vertical) to the magnetic field of the stator, no torque is produced. This is why DC motors have multiple coils; so the armature mechanism will continue to experience a force, even when one coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Image credit: Georgia State University

The basic purpose of commutation is to ensure that the torque acting on the armature is always in the same direction. The voltage generated in the armature is alternating in nature, and the commutator converts it to direct current. Simply put, the commutator turns the coils on and off to control which direction the electromagnetic fields are pointing. On one side of the coil, the electricity should always flow “away,” and on the other side, electricity should always flow “towards.” This ensures that the torque is always produced in the same direction. Otherwise, the coil would rotate 180 degrees one way, and then switch direction.

The commutator itself is a split ring, typically made of copper, with each segment of the ring attached to each end of the armature coil. If the armature has multiple coils, the commutator will similarly have multiple segments—one for each end of each coil. Spring-loaded brushes sit on each side of the commutator and make contact with the commutator as it turns, supplying the commutator segments and the corresponding armature coils with voltage.

Image credit: electrical4u.com

As the brushes pass over the gaps in the commutator, the supplied electrical charge switches commutator segments, which switches the electrical polarity of the armature coils. This switching of the polarity in the coils maintains the armature’s rotation in one direction. The voltage between brushes fluctuates in amplitude between zero and a maximum value, but is always maintains the same polarity.

As mentioned earlier, the commutator is constructed in segments, which are insulated from each other. As the brushes pass from one segment to the other, there is an instant where the brushes contact both segments at the same time. This is referred to as the neutral plane, and at this point, the induced voltage is zero. Otherwise, the brushes would short the ends of the coil together and cause sparking due to high voltage.

The term “brushes” was coined in the early days of DC motors, when they were made of strands of copper wire. These devices required frequent replacement and damaged the commutator rings. Modern DC motors typically use “brushes” made of carbon, which wear more slowly and cause less damage to the commutator.

It’s important to note that the discussion above relates to traditional brushed DC motors, which are commutated by mechanical means. Brushless DC motors also require commutation, but for brushless designs, commutation is carried out electronically, via an encoder or Hall effect sensors that monitor the position of the rotor to determine when and how to energize the coils.